Levels of methyleugenol and eugenol in instant herbal beverages available on the Indonesian market and related risk assessment
Wesseling S., Suparmi S., Ginting A.J., Mariyam S., Rietjens I.M.C.M.
Abstract
The presence and accompanying risks of methyleugenol and eugenol in herbal beverages available on the Indonesian market were evaluated. Methyleugenol was detected in 49 out of 114 samples, at levels amounting to 2.6–443.7 μg/g, while 4 samples contained eugenol at 21.4–101.2 μg/g. The EDI resulting from drinking these preparations amounted to 0.1–51.2 μg/kg bw/day and 1.1–3.3 μg/kg bw/day, respectively for samples targeted at adults and children. A BMDL <inf>10</inf> value of 22.2 mg/kg bw/day for methyleugenol was defined using literature data and model averaging. MOE values were below 10,000 for 46 samples (40.4%), indicating a priority for risk management when assuming daily lifelong consumption, while the EDI for 4 samples containing eugenol did not exceed the ADI of 2.5 mg/kg bw thus did not raise a concern for human health. Using Haber's rule to correct for less than lifetime exposure, consumption of methyleugenol via these beverages would be of low concern when consumed for less than 2 weeks/year during a lifetime. This conclusion holds for herbal beverages collected by targeted sampling, not for all herbal beverages on the Indonesian market. The study provides data that can support establishment of a maximum permitted level (MPL) for methyleugenol in herbal beverages in Indonesia.
Alkoxy-Substitued Allylbenzenes Present in Foods and Essential Oils and Used as Flavouring Agents
Mattia A., William G.M.
Levels of genotoxic and carcinogenic compounds in plant food supplements and associated risk assessment
Boersma M.G., Delmulle L., Restani P., Rietjens I.M.C.M., Van Den Berg S.J., Boersma M.G., Delmulle L., Restani P., Rietjens I., Van Den Berg S.J., Boersma M.G., Delmulle L., Restani P., Rietjens I., van den Berg S.J., Berg S., Boersma M.G., Delmulle L., Restani P., Rietjens I.M.C.M.
Bioanalytical Method Validation Guidance for Industry
Validation G.F.I.B.M.
Advisory Committee on Complementary Medicines (ACCM)
TGA
Substances that may be used in Listed medicines in Australia, Australia Substances that may be used in Listed medicines in Australia
TGA
Methyl eugenol: Its occurrence, distribution, and role in nature, especially in relation to insect behavior and pollination
Nishida R., Tan K.H.
Natural occurrence of genotoxic and carcinogenic alkenylbenzenes in Indonesian jamu and evaluation of consumer risks
Rietjens I.M.C.M., Suparmi S., Suparmi S., Wesseling S., Widiastuti D., Widiastuti D., Rietjens I.M.C.M., Suparmi S., Suparmi S., Wesseling S., Widiastuti D., Widiastuti D., Rietjens I.M.C.M., Suparmi S., Suparmi S., Wesseling S., Widiastuti D., Widiastuti D.
Evaluation of agronomic practices for mitigation of natural toxins. ILSI Europe
Alink G.M., Battilani P., Hardy A., Magan N., Pilegaard K., Riemens M.M., Saeger S.D., Speijers G.
Safety assessment of allylalkoxybenzene derivatives used as flavouring substances - Methyl eugenol and estragole
Adams T.B., Caldwell J., Doull J., Feron V.J., Goodman J.I., Marnett L.J., Portoghese P.S., Rogers A.E., Sipes I.G., Smith R.L., Waddell W.J., Wagner B.M., Wagner B.M., Adams T.B., Caldwell J., Doull J., Feron V.J., Goodman J.I., Marnett L.J., Portoghese P.S., Rogers A.E., Sipes I.G., Smith R.L., Waddell W.J., Wagner B.M., Wagner B.M.
Application of the margin of exposure (MoE) approach to substances in food that are genotoxic and carcinogenic. Example: Methyleugenol, CASRN: 93-15-2
Cadby P., Leblanc J.-C., Setzer R.W., Smith B.
